Pollution, resource depletion, habitat management, and climate change are all issues that necessarily transcend national boundaries. Accordingly, they and other environmental concerns have been a particular focus for international organizations from before the First World War to the present day. This volume is the first to comprehensively explore the environmental activities of professional communities, NGOs, regional bodies, the United Nations, and other international organizations during the twentieth century. It follows their efforts to shape debates about environmental degradation, develop binding intergovernmental commitments, andfollowing the seminal 1972 Conference on the Human Environmentimplement and enforce actual international policies.

Wolfram Kaiser is Professor of European Studies at the University of Portsmouth and Visiting Professor at the College of Europe in Bruges. His recent publications includeWriting the Rules for Europe: Experts, Cartels, and International Organizations (2014, with J. Schot).

Acknowledgements
Abbreviations

Introduction: International Organizations and Environmental Protection in the Global Twentieth Century
Wolfram Kaiser and Jan-Henrik Meyer

Chapter 1. From Nature to Environment: International Organisations and Environmental Protection before Stockholm
Jan-Henrik Meyer

Chapter 2. Environmental Problem-solvers? Scientists and the Stockholm Conference
Enora Javaudin

Chapter 3. Developing World Environmental Cooperation: The Founex Seminar and the Stockholm Conference
Michael W. Manulak

Chapter 4. Only One Earth: The Holy See and Ecology
Luigi Piccioni

Chapter 5. Sometimes its the Economy, Stupid! International Organizations, Steel and the Environment
Wolfram Kaiser

Chapter 6. Making the Polluter Pay: How the European Communities Established Environmental Protection
Jan-Henrik Meyer

Chapter 7. (Re-) Thinking Environment and Economy: The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and Sustainable Development
Iris Borowy

Chapter 8.Towards Sustainable Development: The United Nations, INGOs, and the Crafting of the World Conservation Strategy
Stephen Macekura

Chapter 9. Protecting the Southern Ocean Ecosystem: The Environmental Protection Agenda of Antarctic Diplomacy and Science
Alessandro Antonello

Chapter 10. Controlling the Agenda: Science, Policy and the Making of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
David G. Hirst

Conclusion: Setting Agendas, Building Institutions, and Shaping Binding International Commitments
Wolfram Kaiser and Jan-Henrik Meyer

Bibliography
Index